Grey nuances in the black and white debate over subsidized Internet access

Highlights:
Zero rating/Sponsored data plans exempt specific content from metering or provide free access to limited content.
Opponents have concerns about effects on incentives for innovation while advocates consider subsidies a proven way to promote universal access.
Calibrated zero rating can promote positive spillover and free rider opportunities without extending incumbent market dominance.
If disputes arise, ex ante safeguards can provide flexible remedies.