End Notes

  1. 1 Bruce Mehlman and Larry Irving, "Wanted: A National Broadband Strategy," Business Week, July 30, 2008, www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2008/tc20080729_605262.htm?ch....
  2. 2 Comments of the Benton Foundation, In the Matter of High-Cost Universal Service Support, WC Dkt. No. 05-337, April 17, 2008, www.benton.org/sites/benton.org/files/Benton.pdf.
  3. 3 California Broadband Task Force, "The State of Connectivity: Building Innovation Through Broadband: Final Report of the California Broadband Task Force," January 2008, 53-54, www.calink.ca.gov/pdf/CBTF_FINAL_Report.pdf.
  4. 4 Senator Barack Obama (D-IL), speech in Flint, Michigan, June 16, 2008, www.barackobama.com/2008/06/16/remarks_of_senator_barack_obam_79.php.
  5. 5 Senator John McCain (R-AZ), speech in Inez, Kentucky, April 23, 2008, www.johnmccain.com/Informing/News/Speeches/c312e752-730e-4dcd-8d5e-1946f....
  6. 6 Tim Wu, "Jump-Starting Our Tech Policy," Slate, April 1, 2008, www.slate.com/id/2187740/.
  7. 7 President George W. Bush, Remarks by the President on Homeownership at Expo New Mexico, March 26, 2004, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/03/20040326-9.html ; President George W. Bush, Remarks by the President on Innovation at U.S. Department of Commerce, June 24, 2004, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/06/20040624-7.html.
  8. 8 "Networked Nation: Broadband in America 2007," National Information & Telecommunications Administration, January 2008, www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/2008/NetworkedNationBroadbandinAmerica2007.pdf.
  9. 9 In 2004, most satellite-delivered broadband service did meet the FCC's old definition of broadband as a minimum speed of 200 kilobits per second (Kbps) in one direction. However, under the FCC's revised 2008 definition of basic broadband as a minimum of 768 Kbps, many satellite Internet access connections are now too slow to qualify as broadband. Jim Baller and Casey Lide, Bigger Vision, Bolder Action, Brighter Future: Capturing the Promise of Broadband for North Carolina and America, June 2008, 37, www.e-nc.org/Baller-Herbst_Report.asp. For example, Wild Blue, a satellite broadband provider, advertises its "Value" service as "broadband" even though it is too slow to meet the FCC's definition of broadband See www.wildblue.com/aboutWildblue/index.jsp (as of October 8, 2008).
  10. 10 Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (2005).
  11. 11 Robert Atkinson, Daniel Correa, and Julie Hedlund, "Explaining International Broadband Leadership," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation at VII, May 2008, www.itif.org/index.php?id=142.
  12. 12 Id., 5, 9, citing OECD data. A data transfer rate of one megabit per second (Mbps) is equivalent to 1,000 kilobits per second (Kbps). Dial-up Internet access transfers data at a maximum rate of 56 Kbps.
  13. 13 Blaine Harden, "Japan's Warp-Speed Ride to Internet Future," Washington Post, August 29, 2007, A1, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/28/AR2007082801990....
  14. 14 See Government Accountability Office, Broadband Deployment Is Extensive throughout the United States, but It Is Difficult to Assess the Extent of Deployment Gaps in Rural Areas, 2006, 8, 15-16, www.gao.gov/new.items/d06426.pdf ; S. Derek Turner, "Shooting the Messenger": Myth vs. Reality: U.S. Broadband Policy and International Broadband Rankings, July 2007, www.freepress.net/docs/shooting_the_messenger.pdf ; S. Derek Turner, Broadband Reality Check II: The Truth Behind America's Digital Decline, August 2006, www.freepress.net/docs/bbrc2-final.pdf (hereinafter Turner, Broadband Reality Check II); Alliance for Public Technology, Achieving Universal Broadband: Policies for Stimulating Deployment and Demand, 2007, 9, www.apt.org/publications/reports-studies/Final-Report-Feb2007.pdf ; Robert D. Atkinson, The Case for a National Broadband Policy, 5, June 2007, www.itif.org/files/CaseForNationalBroadbandPolicy.pdf.
  15. 15 Baller and Lide, 45-56.
  16. 16 John B. Horrigan, "Home Broadband Adoption 2008," Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 2, 2008, www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Broadband_2008.pdf.
  17. 17 Bruce Mehlman and Larry Irving, "Wanted: A National Broadband Strategy," Business Week, July 30, 2008, www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2008/tc20080729_605262.htm?ch....
  18. 18 Comments of the Benton Foundation, In the Matter of High-Cost Universal Service Support, WC Dkt. No. 05-337, April 17, 2008, www.benton.org/sites/benton.org/files/Benton.pdf..
  19. 19 California Broadband Task Force, "The State of Connectivity: Building Innovation Through Broadband: Final Report of the California Broadband Task Force," January 2008, 53-54, www.calink.ca.gov/pdf/CBTF_FINAL_Report.pdf.
  20. 20 Robert W. Crandall and Charles L. Jackson, The $500 Billion Opportunity: The Potential Economic Benefit of Widespread Diffusion of Broadband Internet Access, July 2001, www.att.com/public_affairs/broadband_policy/BrookingsStudy.pdf.
  21. 21 Stephen Pociask, "Building a Nationwide Broadband Network: Speeding Job Growth," TeleNomic Research, LLC, February 2002, www.newmillenniumresearch.org/event-02-25-2002/jobspaper.pdf..
  22. 22 Sharon E. Gillett, et al., Measuring the Economic Impact of Broadband Deployment, February 2006, 3, www.eda.gov/ImageCache/EDAPublic/documents/pdfdocs/mitcmubbimpactreport_... (emphasis in original).
  23. 23 Robert Crandall, William Lehr, and Robert Litan, "The Effects of Broadband Deployment on Output and Employment: A Cross-sectional Analysis of U.S. Data," Issues in Economic Policy, July 2007, www3.brookings.edu/views/papers/crandall/200706litan.pdf.
  24. 24 Jacqui Cheng, "Study Linking Broadband, Job Creation Shows Need for Coherent US Policy," ars technica, November 19, 2007, arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071119-study-linking-broadband-job-creationshows-need-for-coherent-us-policy.html?rel. SRRI study at www.srri.net/AboutUs/EconEffectsBB_Research.pdf.
  25. 25 Connected Nation, The Economic Impact of Stimulating Broadband Nationally, February 2008, www.connectednation.com/_documents/Connected_Nation_EIS_Study_Full_Repor....
  26. 26 Doris J. Kelley, A Study of the Economic and Community Benefits of Cedar Falls, Iowa's Municipal Telecommunications Network, October 2, 2003, www.iprovo.net/projectInfoDocs/economicAndCommunityBenefitsStudy.pdf.
  27. 27 Id., 11.
  28. 28 Id., 12-13.
  29. 29 George S. Ford and Thomas M. Koutsky, "Broadband and Economic Development: A Case Study from Florida," Applied Economic Studies, April 2005, 15, www.aestudies.com/library/econdev.pdf.
  30. 30 Baller and Lide, 15-16.
  31. 31 Adam Geller, "Companies Seek Low-Cost Foothold in the Heartland," Bismarck Tribune, June 20, 2005, www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2005/06/21/news/state/sta03.txt.
  32. 32 Russell County Information Technology Project, goveda.org/About/ceda/CEDA-RussellCounty-Narrative.pdf.
  33. 33 Return to Roots, www.returntoroots.org/News_and_Press.php.
  34. 34 Bordogna, Joseph. "Sustaining the Nation's Innovation Ecosystems," January 2004. http://www.ostp.gov/pdf/finalpcastitmanuf_reportpackage.pdf
  35. 35 Thrive. The Skills Imperative. Council on Competitiveness. April 2008.
  36. 36 Comments of Sen. Sam Nunn, "Bipartisan Forum," University of Oklahoma, January 7, 2008, 5, www.ou.edu/etc/medialib/web/pdfs.Par.93117.File.dat/bipartisanforumupdat... ; "U.S. Health Care System: Paying More, Getting Less," Think Progress.org, January 4, 2007, thinkprogress.org/2007/01/04/health-paying-more/.
  37. 37 "National Health Expenditure Data: NHE Fact Sheet," Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, accessed September 3, 2008, www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/25_NHE_Fact_Sheet.asp#TopOfPage. David P. McClure, "e-Health and America's Broadband Networks: An Examination of How Broadband Services Enhance Health Care in America," U.S. Internet Industry Association, August 2007, 10, www.ustelecom.org/Issues/Promoting_Broadband/eHealth.html.
  38. 38 "Health Care: An International Comparison," National Public Radio, July 2008, www.npr.org/news/specials/healthcare/healthcare_profiles.html, citing data derived from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Commonwealth Fund, and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
  39. 39 "U.S. Health Care System: Paying More, Getting Less," citing OECD data.
  40. 40 Susan Levine and Lori Aratani, "Young Lives at Risk: Our Overweight Children," Washington Post, May 19, 2008, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/09/AR2008050900527....
  41. 41 "Upgrade America's Health Care System: Pass Health IT Legislation Now," Business Roundtable, April 2, 2008, www.businessroundtable.org/publications/publication.aspx?qs=2AD6BF807822..., citing annual median health outlays from Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics; Rand Health, "Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information Technology Savings," 2005 Public Medical Research data from the National Health Expenditure Data, HHS; and Census Bureau, "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006," August 2007.
  42. 42 Julie Schwartz, "Telehealth: Merging of Technology and Medicine Leads to Improved Healthcare," Progressive States Network, May 19, 2008, www.progressivestates.org/content/840/telehealth-merging-of-technology-a....
  43. 43 Kathryn H. Dansky, et al., "Cost Analysis of Telehomecare," Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 7, no. 2 (2001):231, www.pahomecare.org/teleresearchsum.pdf.
  44. 44 Neal Neuberger, "Advancing Healthcare Through Broadband: Opening Up a World of Possibilities," Internet Innovation Alliance, October 24, 2007, www.internetinnovation.org/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/86....
  45. 45 Dibya Sarkar, "Broadband Could Be Health Boon for Seniors," Government Health IT, December 9, 2005, www.govhealthit.com/online/news/91672-1.html.
  46. 46 Schwartz.
  47. 47 "Broadband Initiatives: Enhancing Lives and Transforming Communities," Alliance for Public Technology, November 2007, www.apt.org/publications/reports-studies/broadband_initiatives.pdf.
  48. 48 Craig Lehmann, "Pilot Study: The Impact of Technology on Home Bound Congestive Heart Failure Patients," Home Health Care Technology Report 1, no. 4 (2004):50, 59-60, 2004, http://tie.telemed.org/articles/article.asp?path=homehealth&article=chfP....
  49. 49 Deborah Humphrey, "REACH Program Brings MCG Expertise to Rural Stroke Patients," Medical College of Georgia Today, Winter 2006, www.mcg.edu/news/mcgtoday/Win06/Story6.htm.
  50. 50 Caitlin M. Cusack, et al., "The Value of Providerto- Provider Telehealth Technologies," Center for Information Technology Leadership, November 2007, 12-13, www.nextgenweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/center-for-information-tec....
  51. 51 John Schwartz, "Logging on for a Second (or Third) Opinion," New York Times, September 29, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/health/30online.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=sl....
  52. 52 Christy Fricks, "Internet Extends Doctors' Reach," USA Today, June 23, 2008, www.usatoday.com/printedition/life/20080623/bl_cover23_secondopinion.art....
  53. 53 Robert E. Litan, "Great Expectations: Potential Economic Benefits to the Nation From Accelerated Broadband Deployment to Older Americans and Americans with Disabilities," New Millennium Research Council, December 2005, www.newmillenniumresearch.org/archive/Litan_FINAL_120805.pdf.
  54. 54 Levine and Aratani.
  55. 55 Blaine Harden, "Japan's Warp-Speed Ride to Internet Future," Washington Post, August 29, 2007, A1, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/28/AR2007082801990....
  56. 56 Baller and Lide, 22.
  57. 57 Id.
  58. 58 "Upgrade America's Health Care System: Pass Health IT Legislation Now," Business Roundtable, April 2, 2008, www.businessroundtable.org/publications/publication.aspx?qs=2AD6BF807822....
  59. 59 Id.
  60. 60 Id., citing Rand Health, "Extrapolating Evidence of Health Information Technology Savings," 2005 Public Medical Research data from the National Health Expenditure Data, HHS.
  61. 61 Id., citing annual median health outlays from Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Rand Health, and Census Bureau, "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006," August 2007 (emphasis added).
  62. 62 Consortium for School Networking, International Society for Technology in Education, State Educational Technology Directors Association, Education Leaders Decry Proposed Elimination of Enhancing Education Through Technology Program, February 4, 2008, cosn.org/about/press/08/2/FY09Budget.pdf.
  63. 63 Eamon Kelly, "The Digital Opportunity Investment Trust and America's Global Leadership," New America Foundation, February 2005, 3, www.digitalpromise.org/newsite/Resources/Research/DOIT-Kelly.pdf.
  64. 64 Jihyun Lee, Wendy S. Grigg, and Gloria S. Dion, "The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics 2007: National Assessment of Educational Progress at Grades 4 and 8," National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, September 2007, 25.
  65. 65 Wendy S. Grigg, Mary A. Lauko, and Debra M. Brockway, "The Nation's Report Card: Science 2005: Assessment of Student Performance in Grades 4, 8, and 12," National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, May 2006, 7, 19, 31.
  66. 66 "Tapping America's Potential," Business Leaders Call for Progress in Advancing U.S. Innovation by Strengthening Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, July 15, 2008, www.tap2015.org/news/tap_progress_press_release.pdf.
  67. 67 Ed Tech Action Network, Give Our Kids a 21st Century Education, www.edtechactionnetwork.org/election.html.
  68. 68 Ed Tech Action Network, Why Technology in Schools? www.edtechactionnetwork.org/technology_schools.html.
  69. 69 The Greaves Group and The Hays Connection, America's Digital Schools 2006, 15, ads2006.net/ads2006/pdf/ADS2006KF.pdf. The report defines ubiquitous, or 1:1, computing as "each student and teacher has one Internetconnected wireless computing device for use both in the classroom and at home. . . . Ubiquitous computing, where every teacher and student has his or her own computing device that is not shared with others, is very different from temporary 1:1 solutions, such as those provided by computer carts."
  70. 70 Alliance for Public Technology, Broadband Initiatives: Enhancing Lives and Transforming Communities, (November 2007), 11, 27, www.apt.org/publications/reports-studies/broadband_initiatives.pdf.
  71. 71 "A Life-Saving Technology," CNET News, July 26, 2004, news.com.com/Broadband+A+lifesaving+technology/2009-1034_3-5261361.html.
  72. 72 "Panelists: Online Learning Can Help Minority Students," eSchool News, April 11, 2008, www.eschoolnews.com/news/top-news/?i=53470;_hbguid=3ec1f1e1-e9e0-40ac-9f....
  73. 73 "Virtual Classroom Connects Blue Ridge, Hillcrest," Greenville News (May 8, 2008), www.greenvilleonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080506/GGN/8050603....
  74. 74 "How Fast Is Fast Enough?" Tech Learning, October 15, 2007, www.techlearning.com/story/showArticle.php?articleID=196604732.
  75. 75 "High Gas Prices Fuel Boom in Online Courses," Associated Press, July 10, 2008, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080709/ap_on_re_us/online_classes_gas_prices.
  76. 76 Alliance for Public Technology, Achieving Universal Broadband: Policies for Stimulating Deployment and Demand, (2007), 9, www.apt.org/publications/reportsstudies/Final-Report-Feb2007.pdf.
  77. 77 John Windhausen, "A Blueprint for Big Broadband," EDUCAUSE, January 2008, 14, http://connect.educause.edu/Library/Abstract/ABlueprintforBigBroadband/4....
  78. 78 Eric Hornbeck, "Lack of broadband access creates digital divide in communities," The Post, May 31, 2007, http://thepost.baker.ohiou.edu/articles/2007/05/31/news/20366.html.
  79. 79 Id.
  80. 80 Sascha Meinrath, "Beyond Digital Inclusion," Government Technology, June 18, 2007, www.govtech.com/em/articles/125514.
  81. 81 "High-Speed Broadband Access for All Kids: Breaking Through the Barriers," State Educational Technology Directors Association, June 2008, www.setda.org/web/guest/class2020actionplan.
  82. 82 Kelly, 5, 6.
  83. 83 "A National Blueprint for Technology and the Public Good," One Economy Corp., n.d., www.one-economy.com/sites/all/files/OE_Policy_BluePrint.pdf.
  84. 84 Avaya, "The School District of Philadelphia, Meru Networks and Avaya Provide Wireless Technology at 268 Schools to Transform the Teaching and Learning Experience," November 27, 2007 www.avaya.com/gcm/master-usa/en-us/corporate/pressroom/pressreleases/200....
  85. 85 Michael J. Copps, Remarks at the New America Foundation, Washington D.C., June 23, 2008.
  86. 86 "School District's Wireless Network Delivers Emergency Response System for Community," Mobile Enterprise, January 29, 2008, www.mobileenterprisemag.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=news&mod=News&m....
  87. 87 "The National Center for Research in Advanced Information and Digital Technologies," Fact Sheet, Federation of American Scientists, August 18, 2008, www.fas.org/press/news/2008/aug_nationalcenter.html.
  88. 88 "Maximizing the Impact: The Pivotal Role of Technology in a 21st Century Education System," State Education Technology Directors Assoc., International Society for Technology in Education, and the Partnership for 21st Century Skills, November 2007, www.setda.org/web/guest/maximizingimpactreport.
  89. 89 "Ozone Rules Weakened at Bush's Request," Washington Post, March 14, 2008, www.truthout.org/article/ozone-rules-weakened-bushs-behest. White House Led Rewrite of EPA Report, Associated Press, June 20, 2003, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030620&slug=w....
  90. 90 Joseph P. Fuhr Jr. and Stephen B. Pociask, "Broadband Services: Public and Environmental Benefits," American Consumer Institute, October 31, 2007, 1-3, www.acicitizenresearch.org/Final%20Green%20Benefits.pdf.
  91. 91 Karl Mallon, et. al., "Towards a High-Bandwidth, Low- Carbon Future: Telecommunications-based Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Climate Risk Pty Ltd. (Australia), October 17, 2007, vi, www.telstra.com.au/abouttelstra/csr/climate_change.cfm.
  92. 92 Tom Long, "Right Turns Make the Most Out of Gas," Boston Globe, July 10, 2008, www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/07/10/right_turns_make_the_most_....
  93. 93 John A. "Skip" Laitner and Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez, "Information and Communication Technologies: The Power of Productivity," American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, February 2008, www.aceee.org/pubs/e081.htm (emphasis added)
  94. 94 H.R. 4106 defines telework as "a work arrangement under which an employee regularly performs the duties and responsibilities of his or her position, and other authorized activities, from home or another worksite removed from the employee's regular place of employment." Barbara L. Schwemle, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Order Code RL 34516, Telework Legislation Pending in the 110th Congress: A Side-by-Side Comparison of Provisions (updated June 11, 2008), CRS-4.
  95. 95 Fuhr and Pociask, 2-3, 17-22.
  96. 96 Id., 23-24.
  97. 97 "National Study Finds Electronics Significantly Reduce Energy Use, Cut Greenhouse-Gas Emissions," Consumer Electronics Association, September 19, 2007, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_Sept_19/ai_n27378830.
  98. 98 Fuhr and Pociask, 15-22.
  99. 99 "Many U.S. Tech Workers Eager to Telecommute, Survey Suggests," Reuters, June 10, 2008, www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN1033002320080610.
  100. 100 "Survey Sez: Telecommuting Is A Double-Edged Sword," Telecom Web, August 12, 2008, www.telecomweb.com/tnd/261220.html.
  101. 101 "The Status of Telework in the Federal Government," U.S. Office of Personnel Management, December 2007, 5, www.telework.gov/Reports_and_Studies/Annual_Reports/2007_TeleworkReport.pdf.
  102. 102 National Science Foundation and Telework Exchange Study Validates Telework Productivity Hypothesis, Telework Exchange, March 11, 2008, www.teleworkexchange.com/pdfs/Telework-Exchange-NSFStudy-Press-Release.pdf.
  103. 103 Fuhr and Pociask, pp. 24-25, 48.
  104. 104 Jason Miller, "Lack of Broadband Access Hampers Agency Telework Acceptance," Government Computer News, October 13, 2004, www.gcn.com/online/vol1_no1/27628-1.html.
  105. 105 "The Status of Telework in the Federal Government," 6-7.
  106. 106 Steve Lohr, "Digital Tools Help Users Save Energy, Study Finds," New York Times, January 10, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/technology/10energy.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&ore....
  107. 107 Brian E. Clark, "Expert Touts Savings in 'Smart Grid,'" WisBusiness.com, April 30, 2008, www.wisbusiness.com/index.iml?Article=124812.
  108. 108 Richard Martin, "Can the Internet Save the Planet?" Information Week, January 12, 2008, 4, www.informationweek.com/news/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205601....
  109. 109 "Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provisions," Congressional Research Service, December 21, 2007, CRS-20, energy.senate.gov/public/_files/RL342941.pdf.
  110. 110 "Challenge and Opportunity: Charting a New Energy Future," Energy Future Coalition, n.d., Appendix A, 3-4, www.energyfuturecoalition.org/pubs/app_smart_grid.pdf.
  111. 111 Alex Yu Zheng, "Smart Grid Environmental Benefits," Smart Grid Newsletter, September 29, 2007, www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/article_289.html.
  112. 112 Steve Bossart and Steve Pullins, "Why We Are Halfway Home to a Crucial Smart Grid Demonstration," Smart Grid Newsletter, May 29, 2008, www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/industry/Why_We_Are_Halfway_Home_to....
  113. 113 Mark Lloyd, "Ubiquity Requires Redundancy - The Case for Federal Investment in Broadband," Science Progress, January 18, 2008, www.scienceprogress.org/2008/01/ubiquity-requires-redundancy/.
  114. 114 Reply Comments of the Benton Foundation, In the Matter of Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service and High-Cost Universal Service Reform, FCC WC Dkt. 05-337 at 23-4, June 29, 2007, www.benton.org/benton_files/bentonfinal.pdf [hereinafter Reply Comments of the Benton Foundation].
  115. 115 Id.
  116. 116 Lloyd, 1.
  117. 117 Id., 4.
  118. 118 Craig Settles, "Muni Wireless Mobile Applications: A View From the Field: Municipal Wireless Snapshot Report," January 2007, 11, tinyurl.com/38wsmz.
  119. 119 Id.
  120. 120 Eric Griffith, "Wireless Watches the Gas," Wi-Fi Planet, February 3, 2005, www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3468121.
  121. 121 Nicholas Kristof, "Give Oregon Town High-Five on Wi-Fi," New York Times, August 9, 2005, www.cwwg.org/nytno08.09.05.html.
  122. 122 John Borland and Jim Hu, "A Life-Saving Technology," CNET News, July 26, 2004, news.com.com/Broadband+A+life-saving+technology/2009-1034_3-5261361.html.
  123. 123 Kevin Johnson, "Shutdown of 'Lifeline' for Rural Police May Hit Forces Hard," USA Today, July 16, 2008, www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2008-07-15-copinternet_N.htm.
  124. 124 Reply Comments of the Benton Foundation, 25.
  125. 125 House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Hearing on Oversight of NTIA and Innovations in Interoperability, 110th Cong. 1st sess., 2007, testimony of Jon M. Peha, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Public Policy, and Associate Director of the Center for Wireless and Broadband Networking, Carnegie Mellon University, www.ece.cmu.edu/%7Epeha/Peha_testimony_public_safety_comm_March2007.pdf.
  126. 126 Id., 2 (emphasis added).
  127. 127 Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956 (last visited September 20, 2007).
  128. 128 Lloyd, 1.
  129. 129 In fact, the key to rapid progress on inter-domain, interjurisdictional safety information sharing is to focus on converting every communication into Internet Protocol and addressing what needs to happen "in the middle" and with "interfaces to the middle" instead of the end points (what happens in and at different agencies). Woodhall, Judith and David Aylward. Leading the Path Towards Interoperability. COMCARE Emergency Response Alliance. 2006, www.comcare.org/uploads/Interoperability_Editorial-Disaster_Resource.pdf)
  130. 130 Judith Woodhall. The Future of Emergency Response: Need for Technology Enabled Process Transformation. COMCARE Emergency Response Alliance. March 2007, www.comcare.org/uploads/Future%20of%20Emergency%20Response%20-%20Need%20...)
  131. 131 See Department of Homeland Security Grant Program Overview FY 2008, www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1216997045027.shtm.
  132. 132 The Public Safety Interoperable Communications Grant Program awarded $968,385,000 in fiscal year 2007 to fund interoperable communications projects in the 56 states and territories. The awards will help state and local first responders improve public safety communications during a natural or manmade disaster.
  133. 133 Id.
  134. 134 ComCARE (Communications for Coordinated Assistance and Response to Emergencies) is a national nonprofit coalition of over 100 members of the emergency response community dedicated to advancing emergency response, www.comcare.org/ESafetyVision.html.
  135. 135 Joint Advisory Committee on Communications Capabilities of Emergency Medical and Public Health Care Facilities, Report to Congress, February 4, 2008, http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_110/JAC.Report_FINAL%20Jan.3.2008.pdf (emphasis in original).
  136. 136 John B. Horrigan, "Home Broadband Adoption 2008," Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 2, 2008, pewresearch.org/pubs/888/home-broadband-adoption-2008.
  137. 137 "One Nation Online," Internet for Everyone, 2008, www.freepress.net/files/IFE_Brochure.pdf.
  138. 138 Horrigan.
  139. 139 Data compiled from "Demographics of Internet Users," Pew Internet & American Life Project, May 2008, www.pewinternet.org/trends/User_Demo_7.22.08.htm ; Maria E. Wynne and Lane F. Cooper, "Digital Inclusion Imperatives Offer Municipalities New Social and Economic Opportunities," Microsoft Corporation, June/July 2007, 3, www.digitalaccess.org/pdf/White_Paper.pdf ; Susannah Fox and Gretchen Livingston, "Latinos Online," Pew Internet & American Life Project, March 14, 2007, www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/Latinos_Online_March_14_2007.pdf.
  140. 140 April Kirkhart, Jessica Rothschuh, and Jenny Kattlove, "Information Technology Making a Difference in Children's Lives," The Children's Partnership, April 2008, 4, www.childrenspartnership.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Reports1&TEMPLATE=/....
  141. 141 Id., 3-4.
  142. 142 Jessica Rothschuh, April Kirkhart, and Wendy Lazarus, "Helping Our Children With Disabilities Succeed: What's Broadband Got To Do With It?" The Children's Partnership, July 2007, 2, www.childrenspartnership.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Reports1&Template=/....
  143. 143 Public Access Canceled! www.contactual.net/ap/.
  144. 144 Sylvia Lim, "Local Access Shows Moving," Bradenton Herald, August 31, 2007, www.bradenton.com/local/story/132857.html.
  145. 145 "City Council Meetings Moving to Channel 10," Eureka Reporter, July 16, 2007, www.eurekareporter.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?ArticleID=26276.
  146. 146 Brian Braiker, "You Asked, They Answered, More or Less," Newsweek, July 24, 2007, www.msnbc.msn.com/Id/19930669/site/newsweek/.
  147. 147 Jose Antonio Vargas, "Binary America: Split in Two by a Digital Divide," Washington Post, July 23, 2007, C01, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/22/AR2007072201278....
  148. 148 Data taken from Jim Baller and Casey Lide, "Bigger Vision, Bolder Action, Brighter Future: Capturing the Promise of Broadband for North Carolina and America," e-NC Authority and The Baller Herbst Law Group, June 2008, 25.
  149. 149 "Obama and Coburn Shine Brighter Light on Government Spending," OMB Watch, June 10, 2008, www.ombwatch.org/article/articleview/4278/.
  150. 150 David Robinson, et. al., "Government Data and the Invisible Hand," Yale Journal of Law & Technology, Fall 2008, 11, papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1138083, 2.
  151. 151 Id. 1 (emphasis in original).
  152. 152 Id. (emphasis in original).
  153. 153 Comments of the Benton Foundation, In the Matter of High-Cost Universal Service Support, WC Dkt. No. 05-337, April 17, 2008, www.benton.org/sites/benton.org/files/Benton.pdf.
  154. 154 California Broadband Task Force, "The State of Connectivity: Building Innovation Through Broadband: Final Report of the California Broadband Task Force," January 2008, 53-54, www.calink.ca.gov/pdf/CBTF_FINAL_Report.pdf.
  155. 155 "High-Speed Broadband Access for All Kids: Breaking Through the Barriers," State Educational Technology Directors Association, June 2008, www.setda.org/web/guest/class2020actionplan.
  156. 156 Kelly, 5, 6.
  157. 157 "A National Blueprint for Technology and the Public Good," One Economy Corp., n.d., www.one-economy.com/sites/all/files/OE_Policy_BluePrint.pdf.
  158. 158 Avaya, "The School District of Philadelphia, Meru Networks and Avaya Provide Wireless Technology at 268 Schools to Transform the Teaching and Learning Experience," November 27, 2007, www.avaya.com/gcm/master-usa/en-us/corporate/pressroom/pressreleases/200....
  159. 159 Michael J. Copps, Remarks at the New America Foundation, Washington D.C., June 23, 2008.
  160. 160 "School District's Wireless Network Delivers Emergency Response System for Community," Mobile Enterprise, January 29, 2008, www.mobileenterprisemag.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=news&mod=News&m....
  161. 161 "The National Center for Research in Advanced Information and Digital Technologies," Fact Sheet, Federation of American Scientists, August 18, 2008, www.fas.org/press/news/2008/aug_nationalcenter.html.
  162. 162 "Maximizing the Impact: The Pivotal Role of Technology in a 21st Century Education System," State Education Technology Directors Assoc., International Society for Technology in Education, and the Partnership for 21st Century Skills, November 2007, www.setda.org/web/guest/maximizingimpactreport.
  163. 163 Steve Bossart and Steve Pullins, "Why We Are Halfway Home to a Crucial Smart Grid Demonstration," Smart Grid Newsletter, May 29, 2008, www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/industry/Why_We_Are_Halfway_Home_to....
  164. 164 Department of Homeland Security Grant Program Overview FY 2008, www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1216997045027.shtm.
  165. 165 The Public Safety Interoperable Communications Grant Program awarded $968,385,000 in fiscal year 2007 to fund interoperable communications projects in the 56 states and territories. The awards will help state and local first responders improve public safety communications during a natural or manmade disaster.
  166. 166 Id.
  167. 167 ComCARE (Communications for Coordinated Assistance and Response to Emergencies) is a national nonprofit coalition of over 100 members of the emergency response community dedicated to advancing emergency response, www.comcare.org/ESafetyVision.html.
  168. 168 Joint Advisory Committee on Communications Capabilities of Emergency Medical and Public Health Care Facilities, Report to Congress, February 4, 2008, http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_110/JAC.Report_FINAL%20Jan.3.2008.pdf (emphasis in original).

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