March 2013

Knight Prototype Fund helps innovators test future of media

Knight Foundation announced that it is funding eight new projects out of the Knight Prototype Fund, which helps journalists, developers and tinkerers take media innovations from idea to demonstration. Prototype Fund investments, of up to $50,000, are designed to help test an assumption so that innovators can experiment, learn and iterate before moving on to the more costly stage of building out a project. When successful projects emerge, Knight Foundation is poised to help them scale. Several of the projects aim to help open up local governments to people, or provide new tools for journalists. They include creating a tool that tracks gender bias in news stories to another that allows people to report street harassment directly to their city.

The projects receiving investments are:

  • Hollaback: Piloting a mobile app that allows people to report street harassment directly to their cities. It is being developed in partnership with the New York City Council.
  • eCitizens: Building an online service giving citizens the ability to subscribe to receive an alert when their local government is working on issues they care about most. The project, to be piloted in San Diego, will use data from Granicus, a major software company for city documents as well as manually scraping municipal websites.
  • North Central Texas Council of Governments: Creating a new community crime watch portal updated with data from local law enforcement agencies. The site will offer mapping to see where crime is happening and alerts to be sent to crime watch groups. The council will be partnering with the Dallas Morning News.
  • Rashomon Project: Offering journalists an improved tool to review user-submitted content by allowing users to easily assemble video of breaking news chronologically, so that the same event can be viewed by various angles. It is organized by the University of California Berkeley's CITRIS Data and Democracy Initiative.
  • Associated Press: Seeking to make newsrooms more efficient by creating a tool that enables journalists to easily combine data for their stories with geographically related data sets, a task that currently represents a significant technical hurdle for many reporters on deadline.
  • OpenGenderTracking Project by Bocoup: Raising awareness of gender balance in the media by creating a deployable service newsrooms and other content providers can use to evaluate the gender split of both writers and voices in stories. Funding will help build the service as well as conduct two case studies with The Boston Globe and Global Voices.
  • Data Toys: Building physical and digital models of complexity in the news that encourage open-ended play. Their first projects are in partnership with Public Radio International and Radiolab and are being built through a class at Parsons The New School for Design.
  • LAMP: Building an online video editor that allows students to remix and respond to copyrighted materials as part of a media literacy class. The project will be piloted in New York City schools.

EU’s Reding Says US Tech Giants Can’t Sidestep Rules

US-based technology firms Google, Facebook, Apple and other non-European companies that offer services in the European Union must abide by its overhauled data-protection rules, according to the bloc’s justice chief.

The same limits have to apply to all companies that do business in the 27-nation area, EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding said in a speech in Brussels. Consumers in Europe need to know that their data is processed in line with European rules “that reflect the fact that data protection is a fundamental right,” Reding said. Reding presented plans in January 2012 to entirely reform the data-protection rules that apply to the bloc’s 27 member nations. She has insisted from the start that the rules, once they received the backing by EU lawmakers and ministers and can be enforced, would also apply to U.S. companies such as Facebook and Google. The new protections would “refresh” an existing EU data-protection law which dates back to 1995, Reding said. “The reasoning is simple: if companies outside Europe want to take advantage of the European market with its potential 500 million customers then they have to play by the European rules,” Reding said in the speech.

European Court: Live-Streaming TV Broadcasts Is Illegal

A court in Europe has stated that live-streaming TV events without getting permission from broadcasters is in breach of copyright. The European Court of Justice was ruling against a case brought by three U.K. broadcasters against streaming site TVCatchup.com, which streams free-to-air shows from British TV channels, but the decision means that all websites will have to get permission from the original broadcasters. The ruling, which could well have landmark implications, recognizes the original broadcasters as "authors" of the programming, which gives them rights to say yes or no to live-streaming by other sites.

Why John Kerry Must Listen to China's Social Web

[Commentary] In order to craft an appealing diplomatic message that reaches beyond the heights of Chinese bureaucracy, Secretary of State John Kerry must elevate the role of China's vibrant social media within the mix of American policy-making information.

It must lie on equal footing with official meetings, intelligence assessments, "Track 2" dialogues, and academic exchanges. Only then can American officials begin to take a reliable reading of the Chinese public's temperature on Beijing's role in the world, China's relationship with the United States, and Chinese peoples' conceptions of their own rights and duties as citizens. If Secretary Kerry were to scan Chinese social media today, or use available English-language tools that specialize in tracking it, he might be surprised by the candor he encountered. Virtually every other day, a corrupt Chinese official is felled by online sleuths. Angry anti-government rhetoric abounds, and while some of it is censored, much of it remains conspicuously visible. A year and a half ago, for example, citizens in the village of Wukan relied on social media to follow and debate protests against corrupt land deals there. And while Chinese social media has not led to Chinese democracy, it has become a hotbed for crowd-sourced political activism. Earlier this month, online citizens (or "netizens") frustrated with corruption teamed up en masse to collect and share photographs of luxury cars carrying license plates of the People's Liberation Army, China's armed forces.

[Lee is an Asia Security Analyst at the CNA Corporation. Wertime is the co-founder of Tea Leaf Nation]

Deutsche Telekom unveils real-time map of global cyberattacks

Deutsche Telekom launched a Web portal that provides a real-time visualization of cyber attacks detected by its network of sensors placed around the world.

The website is called Sicherheitstacho.eu and aims to provide a situational overview of global cyber attack activity. The attack data is collected by 97 sensors known as honeypot systems deployed by the company around the world. These sensors serve as decoys for automated attacks targeting vulnerabilities in network services, websites, smartphones and other types of systems. The incidents are displayed in real time on an interactive map as they hit the sensors and a live ticker lists their type, their country of origin and the targeted services. Deutsche Telekom uses the information gathered from the sensors to protect its own systems and to warn customers about the prevalence of specific threats. The company shares the data with the authorities and other security vendors. The new website also provides attack statistics for the past month. For example, it shows that network services like SMB (Server Message Block), NetBIOS or SSH are frequently targeted by automated attacks. Website vulnerabilities are the second-most-common target.

March 7, 2013 (MetroPCS, T-Mobile)

BENTON'S COMMUNICATIONS-RELATED HEADLINES for THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 2013

Senate hearing on cybersecurity today http://benton.org/calendar/2013-03-07/


WIRELESS/SPECTRUM
   No US Justice Dept objection to MetroPCS, T-Mobile USA merger
   T-Mobile Planning Job Cuts Ahead of MetroPCS Deal Closure [links to web]
   Why It's Suddenly Illegal to "Unlock" Your New Cell Phone - analysis
   California lawmaker to present bill revoking cellphone unlocking ban [links to web]
   Comscore: Android still top US smartphone OS, but iPhone top smartphone and iOS gaining [links to web]
   T-Mobile Shouts Back at AT&T While its Network Team Quietly Builds Away [links to web]
   How utilities are using cellular communications today [links to web]
   All work and no play? Mobile wipes out 8-hour workday [links to web]
   App Building, the Do-It-Yourself Way [links to web]

OWNERSHIP
   Free Press Not Assuaged By MMTC Study Proposal
   Copyright reformers launch attack on DMCA’s “digital locks” rule
   Apple: No, the App Store Is Not a Monopoly
   Time Warner Ends Talks With Meredith and Will Spin Off Time Inc. Into Separate Company [links to web]

TELEVISION
   TV Is Changing Before Our Eyes - op-ed [links to web]
   Survey says: People start caring about Internet on their TVs, but price trumps everything [links to web]
   Show Me the Moneyball: March Madness Generates $1 Billion in Ad Sales [links to web]
   DirecTV Bemoans Rising Program Costs [links to web]

INTERNET/BROADBAND
   Telecom Firms Seek to Curb Publicly Funded Web Services
   Will FreedomPop Disrupt US Broadband with Free internet? [links to web]
   Online gambling: How long until it's legal everywhere? [links to web]

PRIVACY
   Microsoft Backs School Privacy Bill Taking Aim at Google

CONTENT
   The new economics of media: If you want free content, there’s an almost infinite supply - analysis [links to web]
   Are These New Startups The Future Of Media? [links to web]

ELECTIONS AND MEDIA
   How the fastest-growing media site could help Democrats win the next election [links to web]

LOBBYING
   K St. ready for cybersecurity cash grab [links to web]
   Samsung’s Patent Spat With Apple Spurs US Lobbying Push [links to web]

GOVERNMENT & COMMUNICATIONS
   House bill would require police to obtain search warrant to access e-mails
   Attorney General Holder defends prosecution of Web activist Swartz [links to web]

JOURNALISM
   Cronkite Awards Announced [links to web]

HEALTH
   Charting the Course for 2013 to Harness Health IT to Bring Down Costs and Improve Quality in Health Care - press release [links to web]
   Sequester will hit EHR incentive program [links to web]
   Finding Hidden Side Effects, With Web Search Data [links to web]

LABOR
   T-Mobile Planning Job Cuts Ahead of MetroPCS Deal Closure [links to web]
   Comcast/NBCU Doubles Commitment to Hire Vets [links to web]
   Tracking Sensors Invade the Workplace [links to web]

STORIES FROM ABROAD
   EU’s Message: Anybody Else Feel Lucky? - analysis
   Dear Brussels, You Are Fighting Last Century’s Battles - analysis
   Why Microsoft probably couldn’t care less that the EU just fined it $732 million - analysis
   Computer Scientists Measure the Speed of Censorship On China’s Twitter
   Brussels ends probe into telecoms groups
   Brussels to soften data protection rules
   For App Makers, China Is Untapped and Untamed [links to web]

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WIRELESS/SPECTRUM

JUSTICE OK WITH METRO/T-MOBILE
[SOURCE: Dow Jones, AUTHOR: Friedrich Geiger]
The U.S. Department of Justice has no objections to the merger between T-Mobile USA and mobile operator MetroPCS Communications, according to Deutsche Telekom. Approvals from the Federal Communications Commission, the Committee on Foreign Investment and MetroPCS shareholders are now the remaining hurdles for the merger. MetroPCS shareholders are set to vote on the merger on April 12.
benton.org/node/147152 | Dow Jones | ars technica | GigaOm
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WHY IS IT ILLEGAL TO UNLOCK YOUR PHONE?
[SOURCE: CommLawBlog, AUTHOR: Mitchell Lazarus]
If you buy something, it’s yours, to do with as you want. Right? Don’t be silly. We first encountered the concept of limited ownership with purchases that lacked any physical existence, like e-books and online music. If I buy an online movie from Amazon, I can watch it on my Kindle Fire forever – but I can’t donate it to my local library. I can buy a book for my Kindle reader, but having read it, cannot pass it on to my wife. We don’t fully own these things because they’re not really things. They are made of bits, not atoms. What we buy is only a license for particular uses. But when we buy an actual thing, made of atoms, then it’s ours, and we can use it in any way that we want. Not anymore. Not if the thing is a cell phone. A phone configured for a particular carrier is said to be “locked.” Before it can be used with a different carrier, it must be “unlocked.” It is possible to buy an unlocked phone and take it to the carrier of your choice. But that has a downside: you will pay full price for the phone and probably pay the same monthly carrier rate as someone who bought the same phone at a steep discount. It is also possible to unlock the phone you already have, just by downloading and running software from the Internet. Not hard to do – but it might get you hauled up before a federal district judge.
benton.org/node/147142 | CommLawBlog | NPR
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OWNERSHIP

FREE PRESS, MMTC AND MEDIA OWNERSHIP
[SOURCE: Broadcasting&Cable, AUTHOR: John Eggerton]
Free Press is not assuaged by the Federal Communications Commission's support of a proposed diversity study by the Minority Media and Telecommunications Council that will look at the advertising market and the impact of proposed FCC media ownership rules changes on diversity. According to an FCC filing, in a phone conversation late last week with an aide to FCC Commissioner Mignon Clyburn, Free Press policy director Matt Wood said he had serious concerns that the study's ability to provide the kind of analysis required by the Third Circuit Court of Appeals when it remanded FCC rules back to the commission for better justification of proposed diversity efforts. He also suggested that the study was far from an independent analysis. "[W]e contend that a study endorsed by the broadcast and newspaper lobbies, and carried out by an analyst who has on several occasions expressed support for weakening the very rules he seeks now to evaluate, cannot be substituted for independent research and agency action."
benton.org/node/147183 | Broadcasting&Cable
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COPYRIGHT REFORMERS
[SOURCE: ars technica, AUTHOR: Joe Mullin]
Supporters of copyright reform are hoping that 2013 is the year they get some real momentum going. In the wake of the news that the White House and Federal Communications Commission now support consumers' rights to unlock their cell phones, a new coalition called has launched an effort to repeal the section of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act that forbids breaking "digital locks." The group has a website called FixTheDMCA.org, which lays out the problem in a simple, graphical way, and provides tools for people to contact their Congressional representatives. The group's goal is to build support for a repeal of section 1201 of the DMCA, the so-called "anti-circumvention" clause. That won't be an easy task, since the entertainment industry has fought hard to make digital lock-breaking illegal. When creating DVD copy-protection, for instance, the industry was keen to make sure that getting around such technology would be illegal.
benton.org/node/147181 | Ars Technica
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DOES APPLE HAVE MONOPOLY APP STORE?
[SOURCE: Wall Street Journal, AUTHOR: John Paczkowski]
Apple has urged a U.S. District Court judge to dismiss a lawsuit claiming it has a monopoly over iOS apps, saying it has done no wrong. Apple argued that requiring developers to sell their apps through its iTunes App Store and nowhere else is not an antitrust violation, nor is charging developers a 30 percent cut of their proceeds for distribution. Just because there are no third-party storefronts peddling discounted iPhone apps doesn’t mean Apple is abusing a monopoly position over iOS apps. The company doesn’t set the price for paid applications. The plaintiffs in the case brought their suit against Apple in 2011, claiming that their inability to legally buy iPhone apps from anywhere but the App Store was proof that Apple is a monopolist.
benton.org/node/147166 | Wall Street Journal
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INTERNET/BROADBAND

TELECOM FIRMS SEEK MUNICIPAL BROADBAND BANS
[SOURCE: Wall Street Journal, AUTHOR: Danny Yadron]
Sensing a threat to their business model, telecom companies are pushing more states to curb the spread of publicly funded high-speed Internet access, arguing the networks could squash competition. Time Warner Cable Inc., Windstream Corp., Comcast and AT&T are among the companies that have gotten involved in the push in various states. In Georgia this year, Arkansas-based Windstream is leading the charge for a bill that would outlaw new public broadband service in census tracts where a private company offers some kind of broadband. Small-town mayors and county boards have pushed back, saying they want to build or improve networks because private companies won't. At least 19 states have placed some sort of limit on publicly funded Internet networks. The spread of such legislation comes as Americans are increasingly relying on high-speed Internet the same way earlier generations relied on telephone service or broadcast television.
benton.org/node/147210 | Wall Street Journal
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PRIVACY

MICROSOFT VS GOOGLE
[SOURCE: Wall Street Journal, AUTHOR: Jacob Gershman, Shira Ovide]
Massachusetts lawmakers could soon consider a bill that would restrict the commercial use of data gathered while children use computers at public schools. Its stated purpose is protecting privacy. An unnamed focus of the bill—backed by Microsoft -- is Google. The bill, introduced in January, appears to take aim at Google's growing business of providing basic software like email and word processing over the Internet, which, in turn, is a growing threat to Microsoft's cash-cow suite of Office tools. The proposed legislation would prohibit companies that provide schools with "a cloud-computing" service—a digital service accessed via the Web—from using the information gleaned from schoolchildren for advertising or other commercial purposes. Microsoft acknowledges it is behind the Massachusetts legislation and that the bill is aimed at business practices employed by Google. The move opens a new front in a long-running battle between the software rivals in which Microsoft has run advertisements questioning Google's privacy practices and pressed regulators to more closely police Google's activities.
benton.org/node/147208 | Wall Street Journal
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GOVERNMENT & COMMUNICATIONS

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT
[SOURCE: The Hill, AUTHOR: Brendan Sasso]
Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) introduced legislation that would require police to obtain a warrant before accessing private online communications or mobile location data. Reps. Ted Poe (R-TX) and Suzan DelBene (D-WA) have signed on as co-sponsors of the legislation, the Online Communications and Geolocation Protection Act. Under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986, police only need a subpoena, issued without a judge's approval, to read e-mails that are more than 180 days old. Police simply swear an e-mail is relevant to an investigation, and then obtain a subpoena to force an Internet company to turn it over. When lawmakers passed ECPA more than 25 years ago, they failed to anticipate that email providers would offer massive online storage. They assumed that if a person hadn't downloaded and deleted an electronic message within six months, it could be considered abandoned and wouldn't require strict privacy protections.
benton.org/node/147173 | Hill, The
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STORIES FROM ABROAD

ANYONE ELSE FELLING LUCKY?
[SOURCE: Wall Street Journal, AUTHOR: John Paczkowski]
The European Commission’s announcement of $732 million in sanctions against Microsoft is an inevitable and expected comeuppance for the software giant’s failure to comply with the terms of an antitrust settlement requiring it to offer consumers a choice of Web browsers. But it’s also a warning to other companies with which the agency has regulatory issues — one in particular. Google. As EU competition commissioner Joaquín Almunia said today, “Legally binding commitments reached in antitrust decisions play a very important role in our enforcement policy because they allow for rapid solutions to competition problems. Such decisions require strict compliance. A failure to comply is a very serious infringement that must be sanctioned accordingly.” A pat explanation for the EC’s sanctions against Microsoft, but also a clear “feeling lucky, punk?” warning to Google: Don’t make empty promises. Because the financial implications can be staggering: Fines of up to 10 percent of the company’s annual global sales. In Google’s case that’s potentially billions of dollars.
benton.org/node/147187 | Wall Street Journal
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MICROSOFT AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
[SOURCE: Wall Street Journal, AUTHOR: Ina Fried]
While everyone else has turned their attention to mobile, European regulators have remained doggedly focused on making sure consumers have plenty of choice of browsers when they bother to boot up their desktop.
The issue seemed passe when the EU revisited it back in 2009 and seems all the more so four years later. Windows and Internet Explorer have continued to lose share over those four years on the desktop itself, and the real growth in the Internet is from billions of mobile devices. To be fair, Microsoft did agree to offer European consumers the option of a ballot to choose which browser they wanted. Even Redmond admits it made a mistake. “We take full responsibility for the technical error that caused this problem and have apologized for it,” Microsoft said in a statement. “We provided the (European) Commission with a complete and candid assessment of the situation, and we have taken steps to strengthen our software development and other processes to help avoid this mistake — or anything similar — in the future.” But, at this point, might regulators want to turn their attention elsewhere?
Consumers certainly have.
benton.org/node/147185 | Wall Street Journal
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MICROSOFT AND THE EU
[SOURCE: Quartz, AUTHOR: Christopher Mims]
Here’s why Microsoft need not care about the €561 million ($732 million) fine: According to its latest 10-Q statement, the company has $51 billion in overseas cash burning a hole in its pocket. That money represents profits earned overseas, much of it in Europe, that Microsoft refuses to bring home to the US because to do so would be give up 35% of it in corporate taxes. Indeed, the not-so-secret history of Microsoft’s acquisition of Luxembourg-based Skype is that the $8.5 billion Microsoft paid for Skype was just a few (giant) bills off the company’s wad of overseas cash. In 2011, Microsoft had just $42 billion in overseas cash holdings, or $9 billion -- an entire Skype’s worth -- less than it does now. Granted, Microsoft is going to miss the half billion dollars in US cash equivalent (if it were repatriated and US taxes paid) that the EU will be extracting from the company, but given that Microsoft can’t figure out what else to do with its cash, that may simply be the cost of maintaining market share for its desktop browser.
benton.org/node/147145 | Quartz
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THE SPEED OF CENSORSHIP
[SOURCE: Technology Review, AUTHOR: ]
The Chinese version of Twitter is a microblogging service called Weibo which launched in 2010. Dan Wallach at Rice University in Houston, Texas, and a few pals reveal the results of a detailed study of censorship on Weibo. Their method has allowed them to reconstruct the censorship techniques used by the government, to calculate the number of workers who must be involved and even to discover their daily work schedules. Wallach and co say their data point to a number hypotheses about what’s going on. Since the highest volume of deletions occur within 5-10 minutes of posting, Weibo must be censoring them in near real time. If an average censor can scan around 50 posts a minute, that would require some 1400 censors at any instant to handle the 70,000 posts pouring in. And if they work 8 hour shifts, that’s a total of 4200 censors on the payroll each day. Even then, this work force must have some technological help. Wallach and co say the data suggests Weibo has a number of techniques in operation. The first is keyword alerting. When a keyword appears, the post is immediately flagged for censors.
benton.org/node/147146 | Technology Review
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E5 INVESTIGATION ENDS
[SOURCE: Financial Times, AUTHOR: Daniel Thomas]
The five largest European telecoms groups have been cleared of antitrust practices by Europe’s competition regulator following the end of a long-running Brussels probe. The European Commission said that it had closed a preliminary investigation into the extent of group discussions between Deutsche Telekom, Telefónica, Vodafone, France Telecom and Telecom Italia. The chief executives of the four former state-backed incumbents and Vodafone had met to discuss the development of new technology standards for mobile services, which caused concern among the Brussels competition watchdog. However, the companies had agreed to transfer responsibility for such technical standard setting to trade groups such as the GSMA even before the start of the investigation. The commission said that this was “a positive step that reduces the risk of standard setting work affecting competition negatively”. The group was nicknamed within the industry as the “E5”, which met occasionally although always with the presence of a lawyer taking notes of the discussions. Company executives have acknowledged in the past that the five telecoms groups risked competition complaints given the extent of their business across many of the EU’s 27 member states, with about four-fifths of EU mobile customers buying their mobile subscriptions from one of the four incumbent operators.
benton.org/node/147198 | Financial Times
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EUROPEAN PRIVACY RULES
[SOURCE: Financial Times, AUTHOR: James Fontanella-Khan, Bede McCarthy]
Brussels will be forced to water down tough data protection rules in a move that will come as a relief to tech groups after many of the EU’s member states called for a softer approach to the privacy push. The climbdown will be welcomed by companies that collect large amounts of personal data, such as Google and Facebook, which have lobbied furiously against the proposed regulation, as well as the US government. Washington has repeatedly voiced its concern that the rules, which include the power to fine companies up to 2 per cent of global turnover for breaching onerous data protection standards, were targeted specifically at US technology groups. Resolving the transatlantic dispute over data protection rules could ease the way towards a new EU-US trade agreement over the next two years, which boasts huge commercial potential but is also rife with complications. The plan will be softened after at least nine countries – including the UK, Germany, Sweden and Belgium – said they were opposed to several proposed measures that could add heavy burdens on businesses at a time when EU countries are hoping that data-related companies will help boost economic growth.
benton.org/node/147196 | Financial Times
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Telecom Firms Seek to Curb Publicly Funded Web Services

Sensing a threat to their business model, telecom companies are pushing more states to curb the spread of publicly funded high-speed Internet access, arguing the networks could squash competition.

Time Warner Cable Inc., Windstream Corp., Comcast and AT&T are among the companies that have gotten involved in the push in various states. In Georgia this year, Arkansas-based Windstream is leading the charge for a bill that would outlaw new public broadband service in census tracts where a private company offers some kind of broadband. Small-town mayors and county boards have pushed back, saying they want to build or improve networks because private companies won't. At least 19 states have placed some sort of limit on publicly funded Internet networks. The spread of such legislation comes as Americans are increasingly relying on high-speed Internet the same way earlier generations relied on telephone service or broadcast television.

Microsoft Backs School Privacy Bill Taking Aim at Google

Massachusetts lawmakers could soon consider a bill that would restrict the commercial use of data gathered while children use computers at public schools. Its stated purpose is protecting privacy. An unnamed focus of the bill—backed by Microsoft -- is Google.

The bill, introduced in January, appears to take aim at Google's growing business of providing basic software like email and word processing over the Internet, which, in turn, is a growing threat to Microsoft's cash-cow suite of Office tools. The proposed legislation would prohibit companies that provide schools with "a cloud-computing" service—a digital service accessed via the Web—from using the information gleaned from schoolchildren for advertising or other commercial purposes. Microsoft acknowledges it is behind the Massachusetts legislation and that the bill is aimed at business practices employed by Google. The move opens a new front in a long-running battle between the software rivals in which Microsoft has run advertisements questioning Google's privacy practices and pressed regulators to more closely police Google's activities.

Online gambling: How long until it's legal everywhere?

Thanks to improvements in technology, a change in federal rules and shifting political calculations, a push to legalize online and mobile gambling is picking up steam. Three states already have moved to allow it, and Silicon Valley tech companies, including San Francisco-based social gaming giant Zynga, are rushing to cash in.

Proposals are being promoted in numerous other states, many of which are searching for new revenue to replace tax dollars wiped out by the Great Recession. It's not just cash-strapped state governments that see a potential jackpot in online gambling. Casino operators and Silicon Valley tech firms are also pushing for legalization. Zynga, for example, is already moving to offer online gambling in the United Kingdom and Nevada. Legalization proponents argue that many consumers already gamble online through offshore sites. By legalizing the activity, they say, states can tax and regulate it -- and U.S. companies can benefit.

DirecTV Bemoans Rising Program Costs

Big increases in pay-TV prices are set to be the "new norm," DirecTV's Chief Financial Officer Patrick Doyle told investors, as pay-TV providers look to recover more of the cost of rising programming fees.

"It behooves the industry to try to match up a little better with [programming] cost increases," Doyle told the Deutsche Bank investor conference. DirecTV, the second-largest pay-TV provider in the U.S., said last month it expects programming costs per subscriber to increase 8% in 2013. The satellite operator raised prices it charged consumers 4.5% at the start of this year. Doyle's comments suggest that pay-TV providers are ratcheting up pressure on entertainment companies over the rising cost of programming, a source of increasing tension. Several pay-TV providers have noted lately that they have been absorbing some of the programming cost increases by not passing on the full amount in higher retail prices.